Microscopic defects make batteries better

Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Science, National Science Foundation, University of Wisconsin-Madison WEI Seed Grant, Vilas Research Travel Awards

HOUSTON — (Oct. 30, 2017) — High-performance electrodes for lithium-ion batteries can be improved by paying closer attention to their defects — and capitalizing on them, according to Rice University scientists.

Rice materials scientist Ming Tang and chemists Song Jin at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Linsen Li at Wisconsin and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology led a study that combined state-of-the-art, in situ X-ray spectroscopy and modeling to gain insight into lithium transport in battery cathodes. They found that a common cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, olivine lithium iron phosphate, releases or takes in lithium ions through a much larger surface area than previously thought.

“We know this material works very well but there's still much debate about why,” Tang said. “In many aspects, this material isn't supposed to be so good, but somehow it exceeds people's expectations.”

Part of the reason, Tang said, comes from point defects — atoms misplaced in the crystal lattice — known as antisite defects. Such defects are impossible to completely eliminate in the fabrication process. As it turns out, he said, they make real-world electrode materials behave very differently from perfect crystals.

That and other revelations in a Nature Communications paper could potentially help manufacturers develop better lithium-ion batteries that power electronic devices worldwide.

The lead authors of the study — Liang Hong of Rice and Li of Wisconsin and MIT — and their colleagues collaborated with Department of Energy scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory to use its powerful synchrotron light sources and observe in real time what happens inside the battery material when it is being charged. They also employed computer simulations to explain their observations.

One revelation, Tang said, was that microscopic defects in electrodes are a feature, not a bug.

“People usually think defects are a bad thing for battery materials, that they destroy properties and performance,” he said. “With the increasing amount of evidence, we realized that having a suitable amount of point defects can actually be a good thing.”

Inside a defect-free, perfect crystal lattice of a lithium iron phosphate cathode, lithium can only move in one direction, Tang said. Because of this, it is believed the lithium intercalation reaction can happen over only a fraction of the particle's surface area.

But the team made a surprising discovery when analyzing Li's X-ray spectroscopic images: The surface reaction takes place on the large side of his imperfect, synthesized microrods, which counters theoretical predictions that the sides would be inactive because they are parallel to the perceived movement of lithium.

The researchers explained that particle defects fundamentally change the electrode's lithium transport properties and enable lithium to hop inside the cathode along more than one direction. That increases the reactive surface area and allows for more efficient exchange of lithium ions between the cathode and electrolyte.

Because the cathode in this study was made by a typical synthesis method, Tang said, the finding is highly relevant to practical applications.

“What we learned changes the thinking on how the shape of lithium iron phosphate particles should be optimized,” he said. “Assuming one-dimensional lithium movement, people tend to believe the ideal particle shape should be a thin plate because it reduces the distance lithium needs to travel in that direction and maximizes the reactive surface area at the same time. But as we now know that lithium can move in multiple directions, thanks to defects, the design criteria to maximize performance will certainly look quite different.”

The second surprising observation, Tang said, has to do with the movement of phase boundaries in the cathode as it is charged and discharged.

“When you take heat out of water, it turns into ice,” he said. “And when you take lithium out of these particles, it forms a different lithium-poor phase, like ice, that coexists with the initial lithium-rich phase.” The phases are separated by an interface, or a phase boundary. How fast the lithium can be extracted depends on how fast the phase boundary moves across a particle, he said.

Unlike in bulk materials, Tang explained, it has been predicted that phase boundary movement in small battery particles can be limited by the surface reaction rate. The researchers were able to provide the first concrete evidence for this surface reaction-controlled mechanism, but with a twist.

“We see the phase boundary move in two different directions through two different mechanisms, either controlled by surface reaction or lithium bulk diffusion,” he said. “This hybrid mechanism paints a more complicated picture about how phase transformation happens in battery materials. Because it can take place in a large group of electrode materials, this discovery is fundamental for understanding battery performance and highlights the importance of improving the surface reaction rate.”

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The paper's co-authors are graduate student Fan Wang of Rice, Jun Wang, Yuchen-Karen Chen-Wiegart and Jiajun Wang of Brookhaven National Laboratory, Kai Xiang and Yet-Ming Chiang of MIT, and Liyang Gan, Wenjie Li and Fei Meng of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Tang is an assistant professor of materials science and nanoengineering at Rice.

The research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Basic Energy Science, the National Science Foundation (NSF), a University of Wisconsin-Madison WEI Seed Grant and the Vilas Research Travel Awards. Research was also conducted at the Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory. The Texas Advanced Computing Center at the University of Texas at Austin and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center funded by the DOE and the Big-Data Private-Cloud Research Cyberinfrastructure funded by the NSF and Rice provided computing resources.

Read the abstract at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01315-8

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01315-8

This news release can be found online at news.rice.edu

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Related materials:

Mesoscale Materials Modeling Group (Tang): http://tanggroup.blogs.rice.edu/research/

Rice Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering: https://msne.rice.edu Images for download:

http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/10/1030_LITHIUM-1-WEB-1gor1gn.jpg

An illustration shows the growth of a lithium-deficient phase (blue) at the expense of a Lithium-rich phase (red) in a lithium iron phosphate microrod. Rice University researchers led a study that found defects in a common cathode material for lithium-ion batteries can potentially improve performance over perfect electrodes by allowing for lithium transport over much more surface area than previously thought possible. (Credit: Mesoscale Materials Modeling Group/Rice University)

http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/10/1030_LITHIUM-2-WEB-1e2d6d5.jpg

An electron microscope image shows microrod particles of the type used in a Rice University-led study of lithium transport in lithium-ion batteries. (Credit: Linsen Li and Song Jin/University of Wisconsin Madison)

http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/10/1030_LITHIUM-3-WEB-1abpsjl.jpg

Rice University researchers Liang Hong, left, and Ming Tang study the lithium transport characteristics of batteries. They and their colleagues discovered that defects in common lithium-ion battery cathodes can potentially improve the material's performance over “perfect” electrodes. (Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University)

http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/10/1030_LITHIUM-4-WEB-10fw5jv.jpg

A stack of batteries in the Rice University lab of Ming Tang, an assistant professor of materials science and nanoengineering, who led a team that discovered defects in cathodes can potentially add to the performance of lithium-ion batteries. (Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University)

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