How to mend a broken heart

On wind- and wave-swept coasts, they adhere stoically to rocks, boats and jetties: sea mussels. With super powers that make Spiderman turn pale, the mussel's foot holds on to the surface, as its glands produce fine threads which, unlike spider silk, remain firm under water and yet highly elastic.

Two proteins, mfp-3 and the particularly sulfurous mfp-6, are components of this sea silk. As structural proteins, they are especially interesting for biomedical research because of their fascinating mechanical properties and their biocompatibility.

Challenging conditions

Researchers from Empa's “Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles” lab in St. Gallen have made use of these properties. Claudio Toncelli's team was looking for a biocompatible tissue glue that would adhere to the beating heart while remaining elastic, even under the most challenging conditions.

After all, if heart muscle tissue is damaged, for instance by a heart attack or a congenital disorder, the wounds must be able to heal, even though the muscle continues to contract.

“Actually, collagen is a suitable basis for a wound glue, a protein that is also found in human connective tissue and tendons,” says Toncelli. For example, gelatin consists of cross-linked collagen that would be very attractive for a tissue adhesive.

“The structure of gelatin already comes very close to some of the natural properties of human connective tissue,” he adds. However, the hydrocolloid is not stable at body temperature, but liquefies. So in order to develop an adhesive material that can securely connect wounded areas on internal organs, the researchers had to find a way to incorporate additional properties into gelatin.

Under pressure

“The muscular foot of mussels excretes strongly adhesive threads, with which the mussel can adhere to all kinds of surfaces in water,” explains Toncelli. In this sea silk, several proteins interact tightly. Inspired by nature's solution for dealing with turbulent forces under water, the researchers equipped gelatin biopolymers with functional chemical units similar to those of the sea silk proteins mfp-3 and mfp-6.

As soon as the gelatin sea silk gel makes contact with tissue, the structural proteins cross-link with each other and ensure a stable connection between the wound surfaces.

The researchers have already investigated how well the novel hydrogel actually adheres in lab experiments that are usually used to define technical standards for so-called bursting strength. “The tissue adhesive can resist a pressure equivalent to human blood pressure,” says Empa researcher Kongchang Wei.

The scientists were also able to confirm the outstanding tissue compatibility of the new adhesive in cell culture experiments. They are now trying hard to advance the clinical application of the “mussel glue”.

Dr. Claudio Toncelli
Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles
Phone +41 58 765 72 15
claudio.toncelli@empa.ch

Dr. Luciano Boesel
Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles
Phone +41 58 765 7393
Luciano.Boesel@empa.ch

K Wei, B Senturk, MT Matter, X Wu, IK Hermann, M Rottmar, C Toncelli; Mussel-Inspired Injectable Hydrogel Adhesive Formed under Mild Conditions Features Near-Native Tissue Properties; ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2019); doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b16465

https://www.empa.ch/web/s604/gewebekleber