New mechanism: How cancer cells escape the immune system

An international team led by Goethe University Frankfurt has identified an intracellular sensor that monitors the quality of so-called MHC-I molecules, which help the immune system recognize and kill harmful cells, including tumor cells. The sensor ensures that defective MHC-I molecules remain inside the cell, where they are eventually degraded. Surprisingly, a lack of this quality assurance can lead to more MHC-I molecules reaching the surface of cancer cells, triggering a stronger immune response against the tumor.

It is comparatively easy to tell a cell’s state of health: On their surface, cells present fragments of almost all the proteins they contain inside. This means the immune system can directly recognize whether a cell has been infected by a virus or has been dangerously altered by a mutation.

IRGQ-Structure (pink/orange) IRGQ is anchored via another protein (gray) in the membrane of the “garbage bags” in which the non-functional MHC-I molecules are packaged. The bags later fuse with the lysosomes, and the molecules are degraded. (c) Henry Bailey / Goethe University Frankfurt

Countless molecular “radio masts” – the MHC-I molecules – are responsible for presenting these fragments. They are assembled inside the cell and then transported to the membrane, the lipid layer surrounding the cell. Here, the masts are anchored such that the cargo faces outside and can be detected by troops of the immune system constantly patrolling the body. If these troops detect harmful molecules being presented on the MHC-I radio masts, they kill the relevant cell. A requirement, however, is that the masts themselves are fully functional; otherwise, there is a risk that this mechanism will not work and harmful cells escape the immune system. “We have now discovered a sensor inside the cell that ensures that only functional MHC-I molecules are transported to the plasma membrane, while the defective units are eliminated,” explains Dr. Lina Herhaus, who until recently conducted research on this topic at Goethe University’s Institute of Biochemistry II and is now leading an independent research group at Braunschweig-based Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research.

Cells continuously produce a large number of proteins to sustain their manifold functions. If errors occur during this process, the affected molecules are usually eliminated. Specialized receptors recognize defective proteins and route them to mini garbage bags, where they are broken down. “As part of our study, we searched for yet unknown receptors and came across a protein called IRGQ, which is specifically responsible for ensuring the quality control of the MHC-I radio masts,” says Herhaus.

The researchers used genetic interference to suppress the production of IRGQ. The result: defective radio masts accumulated in the cells, some of which were also incorporated into the cell membrane, together with their functional counterparts. “You would actually expect cells without IRGQ to trigger a weaker immune response. However, this is obviously not the case: Having analyzed various human tumors, we found that less IRGQ was associated with a better survival rate of patients with liver cancer,” explains Prof. Ivan Đikić from the Institute of Biochemistry II, who co-led the study with Herhaus. The patient data was also confirmed in an experimental liver cancer mouse model: In animals without IRGQ, the immune system attacked tumor cells much more aggressively; as a result, the rodents without IRGQ survived the cancer significantly longer.

IRGQ could represent a target structure for new drugs, at least for liver cell carcinomas – the world’s second most deadly type of cancer. “We have found a new mechanism by which tumor cells evade the immune system. In further studies, we will now examine IRGQ’s influence on other types of cancer,” emphasizes Đikić. “Our findings could be used in future to develop new therapies for liver cancer. One example would be to use drugs to target IRGQ for degradation and thereby stimulate the immune response against the cancer.”

Irrespective of this, the newly discovered mechanism is also exciting for basic research. “We want to find out how important IRGQ is for the functioning of the immune system in general, including during viral infections,” says Herhaus. “The results of our study raise a whole series of interesting questions, the answers to which can deepen our understanding of the body’s immune defense.”

Participating institutions:
Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Institutes of Medicine
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School
Institute of Biochemistry I, Universitätsmedizin Frankfurt
Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt
Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt
University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center

Wissenschaftliche Ansprechpartner:

Professor Ivan Ðikić
Institute of Biochemistry II
and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences
Goethe University Frankfurt
Tel: +49 (0) 69 6301-5964
dikic@biochem2.uni-frankfurt.de

Lina Herhaus, Ph.D.
Group Leader – Immune Signaling
HZI – Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH
Lina.herhaus@helmholtz-hzi.de
www.helmholtz-hzi.de

Originalpublikation:

Lina Herhaus, Uxía Gestal-Mato, Vinay V. Eapen, Igor Mačinković, Henry J. Bailey, Cristian Prieto-Garcia, Mohit Misra, Anne-Claire Jacomin, Aparna Viswanathan Ammanath, Ivan Bagarić, Jolina Michaelis, Joshua Vollrath, Ramachandra M. Bhaskara, Georg Bündgen, Adriana Covarrubias-Pinto, Koraljka Husnjak, Jonathan Zöller, Ajami Gikandi, Sara Ribičić, Tobias Bopp, Gerbrand J. van der Heden van Noort, Julian D. Langer, Andreas Weigert, J. Wade Harper, Joseph D. Mancias, Ivan Ðikić: IRGQ-mediated autophagy in MHC-I quality control promotes tumor immune evasion. Cell (2024), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.09.048

https://www.uni-frankfurt.de