Manganese nodules: project on environmental impact during deep sea mining

Manganese nodules, which are about the size of potatoes, are found on large parts of the ocean floor at a depth of several kilometers. Huge fields of these polymetallic nodules are located in particular on the bottom of the Clipperton Fracture Zone, which extends from the west coast of Mexico deep into the Pacific Ocean.

The nodules contain considerable amounts of cobalt, nickel and copper ores, which are important for the production of lithium-ion batteries, smartphones, laptops or electric cars.

A machine that resembles an underwater vacuum cleaner is supposed to harvest the nodules. “This machine collects the nodules and removes about ten centimeters of the sediment,” explains Benjamin Gillard, researcher in the team of Prof. Laurenz Thomsen.

Thomsen is Head of the Ocean Lab at Jacobs University and in charge of the project. The harvesting process creates large clouds of suspended matter, which severely affect life in both, the extraction areas and the surroundings within a scope of several kilometers

The researchers now aim to reduce the size of these clouds by improving the flow dynamics of the collector and the influence of turbulence. “The sediments consist of many small, sticky particles,” Gillard says. “They form larger aggregates which then sink to the bottom. The faster this happens, the lower the diffusion of the cloud as well as the impact on the ecosystem.”

The interdisciplinary research project titled “BlueHarvesting: Hydraulic Collector for Polymetallic Nodules from the Deepsea” involves universities and industrial partners from Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Spain and Great Britain. It is funded through Horizon2020, the European Union's Framework Program for Research and Innovation.

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