When hepatitis E viruses attack nerve cells

Hepatitis E is a common disease worldwide, but it often remains undetected. “There’s no precise data on how often the infection affects the neurological system,” says Michelle Jagst. What is known is that up to 11 percent of patients with certain neurological conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and neuralgic amyotrophy either have HEV antibodies or are infected with the virus.

Cells are infected directly

In order to find out more, the research group is using a cell model that was developed at the Research Department of Neuroscience. It enables them to study for the first time how hepatitis E viruses affect nerve cells. “We take human kidney cells that are excreted in the urine and reprogram them to evolve into nerve cells,” explains Barbara Gisevius. The researchers used these so-called primary neurons to determine that hepatitis E viruses are capable of infecting the nerve cells directly. The nerve cells have a low immune response to the virus and are therefore unable to protect themselves against it.

“Our findings indicate that the neurological effects of HEV may be due – at least in part – to a direct infection of the nerve cells and not exclusively to other mechanisms such as a reaction of the immune system, even if the latter could also play a role,” outlines Eike Steinmann. The researchers also observed that the projections of the nerve cells shorten upon HEV contact. “This is an indication of morphological changes caused by the virus, which can also be observed in other viral diseases,” according to the researchers.

In future, the researchers will continue their efforts to understand the interaction between HEV and neurons. “For example, it would be interesting to compare the nerve cells of healthy and HEV-infected people,” concludes Michelle Jagst.

Hepatitis E

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute viral hepatitis. Approximately 70,000 people die from the disease every year. After the first documented epidemic outbreak between 1955 and 1956, more than 50 years passed before researchers began to study the disease in depth. Acute infections normally clear up spontaneously in patients with an intact immune system. In patients with a compromised or suppressed immune system, such as organ transplant recipients and people infected with HIV, HEV can become chronic. Moreover, pregnant women are also at risk from HEV. There’s no vaccination and a specific active ingredient doesn’t exist.

Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2411434121
Method of Research: Experimental study
Subject of Research: Cells
Article Title: Modeling Extrahepatic Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Induced Human Primary Neurons
Article Publication Date: 15-Nov-2024