Advanced technology reveals activity of single neurons during seizures

The first study to examine the activity of hundreds of individual human brain cells during seizures has found that seizures begin with extremely diverse neuronal activity, contrary to the classic view that they are characterized by massively synchronized activity.

The investigation by Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Brown University researchers also observed pre-seizure changes in neuronal activity both in the cells where seizures originate and in nearby cells. The report will appear in Nature Neuroscience and is receiving advance online publication.

“Our findings suggest that different groups of neurons play distinct roles at different stages of seizures,” says Sydney Cash, MD, PhD, of the MGH Department of Neurology, the paper's senior author. “They also indicate that it may be possible to predict impending seizures, and that clinical interventions to prevent or stop them probably should target those specific groups of neurons.”

Epileptic seizures have been reported since ancient times, and today 50 million individuals worldwide are affected; but much remains unknown about how seizures begin, spread and end. Current knowledge about what happens in the brain during seizures largely comes from EEG readings, which reflect the average activity of millions of neurons at a time. This study used a neurotechnology that records the activity of individual brain cells via an implanted sensor the size of a baby aspirin.

The researchers analyzed data gathered from four patients with focal epilepsy – seizures that originate in abnormal brain tissues – that could not be controlled by medication. The participants had the sensors implanted in the outer layer of brain tissue to localize the abnormal areas prior to surgical removal. The sensors recorded the activity of from dozens to more than a hundred individual neurons over periods of from five to ten days, during which each patient experienced multiple seizures. In some participants, the recordings detected changes in neuronal activity as much as three minutes before a seizure begins and revealed highly diverse neuronal activity as a seizure starts and spreads. The activity becomes more synchronized toward the end of the seizure and almost completely stops when a seizure ends.

“Even though individual patients had different patterns of neural activity leading up to a seizure, in most of them it was possible to detect changes in that activity before the upcoming seizure,” says co-lead and corresponding author Wilson Truccolo, PhD, Brown University Department of Neuroscience and an MGH research fellow. “We're still a long way from being able to predict a seizure – which could be a crucial advance in treating epilepsy – but this paper points a direction forward. For most patients, it is the unpredictable nature of epilepsy that is so debilitating, so just knowing when a seizure is going to happen would improve their quality of life and could someday allow clinicians to stop it before it starts.”

Cash adds, “We are using ever more sophisticated methods to handle the large amounts of data we are collecting from patients. Now we are assessing how well we actually can predict seizures using ensembles of single neurons and are continuing to use these advanced recording techniques to unravel the mechanisms that cause human seizures and leveraging this knowledge to make the most of animal models.” Cash is an assistant professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, and Truccolo an assistant professor of Neuroscience (Research) at Brown.

This study is an outgrowth of a continuing collaboration between researchers at MGH, Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Brown and the Providence VA Medical Center to develop and test technologies that record and monitor neural activity both to assist with the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders and also to restore communication, mobility and independence to individuals with neurologic disease, injury or limb loss. The experimental recording technology used in this study, the NeuroPort array, is closely related to the BrainGate array that has enabled individuals with spinal cord injuries and other neurological disorders to control a computer cursor with their thoughts alone. For more information, visit www.braingate2.org.

Jacob Donoghue of MGH Neurology is the co-lead author of the Nature Neuroscience paper. Additional co-authors are Leigh Hochberg, MD, PhD, MGH/BWH Neurology and Brown University; Emad Eskandar, MD, MGH Neurology; Emery Brown, MD, PhD, MGH Anesthesia; Joseph Madsen, MD, and William Anderson, MD, PhD, BWH Neurosurgery; and Eric Halgren, PhD, University of California, San Diego. Truccolo and Hochberg are also affiliated with the Providence VA Medical Center. The study was supported by grants from the Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology, the National Institutes of Health, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Klingenstein Foundation, the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.

Celebrating the 200th anniversary of its founding in 1811, Massachusetts General Hospital (www.massgeneral.org) is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, with an annual research budget of nearly $700 million and major research centers in AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, reproductive biology, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine.

Founded in 1764 and a member of the Ivy League, Brown University (www.brown.edu) is globally acclaimed for its culture of independent thinking and academic excellence. For decades, Brown faculty and students have pursued multidisciplinary research in areas such as brain science, digital humanities, nanoscience, and population studies. Since 2002, under a strategic plan, Brown has invested significantly in research, resulting in a 65 percent gain in external research awards, a 33 percent increase in graduate enrollment and a rise in total faculty of 16 percent.