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This invention presents a process and an apparatus for the production of water-insoluble lignin granulates for material and energetic usage.
Pulp extraction for manufacturing paper from wood or grasses generates lignin, which has a high calorific value, in large amounts as a side-product and component of waste liquor.

The further use of lignin is prevented especially because of heterogeneity, aroma, water solubility, dust formation, and high reactivity.

This invention proposes a method to make plants more resistant to (repeated) heat stress. This is done by means of using microRNA156 (miRNA156) to increase heat stress tolerance. miRNA156 is expressed under the control of a special heat-inducible promoter to minimize negative side effects such as enhanced leaf induction and later flowering. The proposed invention expresses miRNA156 exclusively by means of heat. The heat-inducible promoter HSP21 ensures that the expression of miR156 is “switched on” by
the application of heat.

This invention describes “solid-state” sensors with electrical control of the affinity of chemosensitive materials. This configuration enables rapid regeneration of sensors after analyte binding and increases selectivity. The sensor has been designed as a six-electrode chemoresistor that contains four electrodes in the center for separate measurements of resistance as well as two other external electrodes to monitor the redox status of the sensor material.

This object is accomplished in the format of a solid-state chemosensor.

This innovation comprises a novel measurement device which uses the structure-
borne noise of a moving component to detect whether there is a fault in it. The
methods used up to now have specific disadvantages in their current application.
Normal spectrum analyses of structure-borne noise, for example, usually rely heavily
on assumptions about the operating environment, are highly computer-intensive and
are effectively blind to weak and static signals with an unstable phase position.
The novel measurement device bases its analysis on the entropy value calculated
from the probability of the different frequencies of the structure-borne noise. A
possible fault can therefore be detected at an early stage and in a reliable manner
without any additional assumptions.

Electrical precipitators are used to precipitate particles out of gas streams in a process for which the electrical resistance of the particles plays a decisive role in how the precipitator functions.

An electrical precipitator is suitable for precipitating particulate matter with a specific electrical resistance within a range from 10⁴ to 1011 Ωcm. Particulate matter with higher electrical resistance causes what is called a “back corona”, which severely disrupts the precipitation process.

Distillative separation, particularly of thermolabile volatile substances, is often associated with a significant reduction in quality due to the thermal degradation of the substances being distilled. For example, many substances containing plant matter, such as essential oils, can scarcely be distilled without degradation.

State-of-the-art distillation methods are based mainly on steam distillation as a carrier steam distillation for primary extraction, which merely results in a complex mixture of substances as essential oil.